java.lang.Objectjava.util.AbstractMap<K, V>
java.util.HashMap
All Implemented Interfaces:
Cloneable, Map, Serializable
Direct Known Subclasses:
PrinterStateReasons, LinkedHashMap, NegativeCache, ProcessEnvironment
This implementation provides constant-time performance for the basic operations (get and put), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets. Iteration over collection views requires time proportional to the "capacity" of the HashMap instance (the number of buckets) plus its size (the number of key-value mappings). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important.
An instance of HashMap has two parameters that affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. The capacity is the number of buckets in the hash table, and the initial capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created. The load factor is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased. When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity, the hash table is rehashed (that is, internal data structures are rebuilt) so that the hash table has approximately twice the number of buckets.
As a general rule, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff between time and space costs. Higher values decrease the space overhead but increase the lookup cost (reflected in most of the operations of the HashMap class, including get and put). The expected number of entries in the map and its load factor should be taken into account when setting its initial capacity, so as to minimize the number of rehash operations. If the initial capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries divided by the load factor, no rehash operations will ever occur.
If many mappings are to be stored in a HashMap instance, creating it with a sufficiently large capacity will allow the mappings to be stored more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table.
Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a hash map concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map. If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the Collections.synchronizedMap method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the map:
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));
The iterators returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are fail-fast: if the map is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove method, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException . Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.
This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.
- the type of keys maintained by this map
- the type of mapped valuesDoug
- LeaJosh
- BlochArthur
- van HoffNeal
- Gafter1.2
- Nested Class Summary: | ||
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static class | HashMap.Entry |
Field Summary | ||
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static final int | DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY | The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two. |
static final int | MAXIMUM_CAPACITY | The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified by either of the constructors with arguments. MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30. |
static final float | DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR | The load factor used when none specified in constructor. |
transient Entry[] | table | The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two. |
transient int | size | The number of key-value mappings contained in this map. |
int | threshold | The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
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final float | loadFactor | The load factor for the hash table.
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transient int | modCount | The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g., rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException). |
Fields inherited from java.util.AbstractMap: |
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keySet, values |
Constructor: |
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Method from java.util.HashMap Summary: |
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addEntry, capacity, clear, clone, containsKey, containsValue, createEntry, entrySet, get, getEntry, hash, indexFor, init, isEmpty, keySet, loadFactor, newEntryIterator, newKeyIterator, newValueIterator, put, putAll, remove, removeEntryForKey, removeMapping, resize, size, transfer, values |
Methods from java.util.AbstractMap: |
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clear, clone, containsKey, containsValue, entrySet, equals, get, hashCode, isEmpty, keySet, put, putAll, remove, size, toString, values |
Methods from java.lang.Object: |
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clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
Method from java.util.HashMap Detail: |
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More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.) A return value of {@code null} does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. The containsKey operation may be used to distinguish these two cases. |
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